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Daniel Defoe was an English trader, writer, journalist, and spy. He is most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe, which is second only to the Bible in its number of translations. Defoe was a prolific and versatile writer, producing more than three hundred works—books, pamphlets, and journals—on diverse topics, including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology, and the supernatural (Wiki). Defoe’s book An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions was published in 1727 and offers a glimpse into Defoe’s thoughts on the origins of ghostly phenomena such as crisis apparitions, hauntings, angels, and evil spirits. Bainey (1962) describes Defoe’s An Essay on the History and Reality o